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Featured Articles
All articlesLithium and the Aging Brain: The 2025 Deficiency Discovery and Why the Human Trials Still Say No
A 2025 Nature paper found that brain lithium falls early in Alzheimer's disease and that lithium orotate reversed pathology in mice. A late-2025 meta-analysis of six human trials and a 2026 Pittsburgh pilot trial of low-dose lithium carbonate both came back negative or inconclusive in people. Here is what each study actually found.
CoQ10 and Ubiquinol for Cognition: What a New Randomized Trial Found
A 2026 randomized trial from Swinburne University and the Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute tested 200 mg/day of ubiquinol against placebo in 111 older adults. Here is what it found on memory, processing speed, blood pressure, and arterial stiffness, and how it fits the mixed prior evidence.
Acetyl-L-Carnitine: What the Trial Evidence Shows for Mood and Cognition
A June 2026 meta-analysis found acetyl-L-carnitine matched antidepressants for mood symptoms. Here is what that review, the older dementia trials, a Cochrane review, and a 2025 genetic study actually show about its cognitive effects.
Latest Research
View allExogenous Ketones and Cognition: What the 2026 Meta-Analysis of 29 Trials Found
A systematic review and meta-analysis in Frontiers in Nutrition pools 38 trials of ketone esters, MCT, and ketone salts against placebo. Here is what it found on cognitive performance, dose-response, and where the evidence is still thin.
Vinpocetine: What the Cognitive Evidence Shows and Why the FDA Says It Isn't a Supplement
Vinpocetine is a synthetic periwinkle derivative sold as a memory and circulation nootropic. Here is what the Cochrane review and the newest evidence synthesis actually found, and why the FDA has spent a decade arguing it should not be legally sold as a dietary supplement at all.
Taurine and the Brain: What the Cognition and Aging Evidence Actually Shows
Taurine is a mechanistically well-studied neuromodulator and a headline anti-aging supplement. Here is what the GABA/glycine receptor evidence, the 2023 aging-driver claim, its 2025 rebuttals, and two recent human meta-analyses actually support.
L-Theanine and Mood: What the 2026 Meta-Analysis of 31 Trials Found
A new systematic review and meta-analysis in Molecular Psychiatry pools 31 randomised trials of L-theanine. Here is what it found on attention, stress, and depressive symptoms, and where the evidence is still thin.
Science you can actually understand
4Neuroscience is an independent research hub synthesising peer-reviewed studies on nootropic peptides, cognitive neuroscience, and human performance, written for researchers, students, and health-conscious Australians.